HP = (Torque * RPM)/5252. At 5,252 RPM Torque and HP values are the same.
QUESTION: For Automobile engines the peak torque is usually higher than the torque at HP peak, and at a lower RPM. How is it for Aircraft Engines?
ANSWER: Aircraft engines have to deliver Torque to the propeller. It takes power to do this.
Below is a Torque and BHP versus RPM curve for an Allison V-1710-73(F4R) engine, having 8.8:1 supercharger gears and rated at 3,000 RPM to deliver 1560 BHP using 60 inHgA (14.8 psi Boost) manifold pressure. The torque data was obtained 5-11-2001 on the ACE Allisons calibrated dynamometer, and the horsepower values calculated per the above relationship.
See V-1710-73 Chart
The above chart covers the full range of useful power from the engine. Of significance, is the linearity of the shown data. For comparison, similar curves for the Chevrolet LS-1, a V-8, are shown below. This chart clearly shows the intersection at 5,252 rpm where torque and horsepower have the same values as well as the "linear" range from 1,000 to just over 4,000 rpm.
See LS-1 Chart
This linear range is where the cylinders are being fully filled on each intake stroke, i.e., Volumetric Efficiency is not changing as rpm increases, for both naturally aspirated and supercharged engines. When supercharging, intake manifolds and/or the valves have reached a flow rate where they can no longer deliver a full charge to the cylinder torque begins to drop off, as does the produced power. This is very apparent on the Torque/Power curves for an engine capable of reaching 5,252 rpm, or above.
Large aircraft engines, due to their relatively long strokes and heavy pistons are not capable of operating at speeds in the area of 5,252 rpm. As such, aircraft engine power curves do not show the peaking and subsequent drop-off. Instead, they operate in the very linear range where, for the most part, horsepower is a direct function of rpm.
Note that supercharged aircraft engines are rated, at each available rpm, by identifying the manifold pressure at the point of incipient detonation, as established by the fuel and mixture strength being used. This then describes their "available power" curve, which is always going to be in the "linear" range shown on the Torque/Horsepower versus RPM curve.
Another interesting aspect of the above formula is the origin of the 5252 factor. It is simply the definition of horsepower, 33,000 lb-ft/minute, divided by 2(pi). The 2(pi) comes from the conversion of RPM into Radians.
Dan Whitney
Orangevale, CA 2-4-2023