Fast throttle response in a submarine and fast throttle response in an airplane might be two different things. Full power in a F-M Submarine diesel being 720 rpm and Junkers aircraft diesel being 2500-3000rpm.
Pre- WW II radial Diesels include Packard and Guiberson in the US. a few experimentals in England and Germany, All 9 cylinders I believe (?). There was a French experimental Clerget 14F of 940hp at 1477lbs. 14 cylinder two row radial, 4 stroke supercharged.
The Clerget company had also built a V-16 engine, perhaps for airships or flying boats?, it was turbo charged and while it gave 2000hp it also weighed 3750lbs and was of 4970cu in (81.4liters) displacement.
There were a few other experimental or airship engines in the 30s, every time the diesel guys got close the gasoline engine moved the goal post with better fuel that allowed higher compression and fuel economy in the gas engine and/or a better power to weight ratio that meant that the combines weight of the engine and fuel for given length of flight stayed in the gasoline camp for all but the absolute longest of flights, dening the diesel any market. The Junkers was the only commercial use of the aircraft diesel. The Russians tried a few in long range bombers.