Paper comparing the flight performance of the P-40E Warhawk and the A6M2 Zero

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Holtzauge

Airman 1st Class
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Sep 8, 2006
Stockholm, Sweden
Attached below are some figures from a paper that can be downloaded from my website, and which compares the flight performance of the Mitsubishi A6M2 Zero and the Curtiss P-40E Warhawk.

The paper mostly confirms what is today regarded as common knowledge, i.e. that the Zero was the more agile fighter that climbed and turned better, while the Warhawk was faster and dived better.

However, what the paper adds to the table is that it puts actual numbers on these differences, and provides an idea about just how large or small these were at various heights and flight conditions.

In addition, while the P-40E had its official maximum performance numbers constrained by an officially sanctioned War Emergency Power limit, pilots soon discovered that this limit could be exceeded by a substantial margin with no apparent ill effects, and which meant that the Warhawk could actually climb and fly much faster than what was stated in the official flight manual, something that is also discussed in the paper.

In putting this paper together, I have of course had to make assumptions about both aircraft's basic data and also leaned on some historical sources for reference. Inevitably, there may therefore be things that could benefit by being worked over some more, and any constructive feedback is therefore most welcome.

But with all of that having been said and done, hopefully this paper will anyway bring some new insights into how these two aircraft compared in terms of flight performance.


P40E and A6M2 speed as a function of altitude.jpg
P40E and A6M2 climb speed as a function of altitude.jpg
P40E and A6M2 sustained turn rate as a function of altitude.jpg


P40E and A6M2 dive speed as a function of time.jpg
P40E and A6M2 dive distance as a function of time.jpg
P40E and A6M2 instantaneous turn rate as a function of altitude.jpg
 
The paper mostly confirms what is today regarded as common knowledge, i.e. that the Zero was the more agile fighter that climbed and turned better, while the Warhawk was faster and dived better.
Perhaps of the interest might've been the performance figures, as tested by the different Allied AFs - here.
The P-40E was often clocked at about 340 mph @ mil power there, ie. just shy of 550 km/h.
 
Yes, as is the case for many aircraft of the time, there are different results to choose from when it comes to top speeds. And in my paper I write about the tuning data I have used which was the most optimistic (albeit as far as I can tell reliable) data that was available for both aircraft.

But of course, what is the correct top speed to tune to? Below are two of the sources I used. Apparently the 361 mph figure (580 km/h) is the specification number and not all "theater" aircraft reached this. But on the other hand, there is also the flight trial from the test at Curtiss' plant that also reached this speed:


P40E speed source 1.jpg



P40E speed source 2.jpg
 
But of course, what is the correct top speed to tune to? Below are two of the sources I used. Apparently the 361 mph figure (580 km/h) is the specification number and not all "theater" aircraft reached this. But on the other hand, there is also the flight trial from the test at Curtiss' plant that also reached this speed:

Perhaps it would've been advisable to use the average value between the available test reports, rather than the best-case value from the test reports available?
 
Perhaps it would've been advisable to use the average value between the available test reports, rather than the best-case value from the test reports available?

Maybe, but if so what should the Zero be tuned to? What would be the average value to tune it to in that case? So far I've elected to go with the highest values I found for both aircraft, but for sure, it would be good to tune them both to the most representative data available, but what is it?
 
Maybe, but if so what should the Zero be tuned to? What would be the average value to tune it to in that case? So far I've elected to go with the highest values I found for both aircraft, but for sure, it would be good to tune them both to the most representative data available, but what is it?
Here is a heap of tests and data tables for the Zero.
The average seems to be around a bit better than 330 mph for the A6M2 version.
 
Here is a heap of tests and data tables for the Zero.
The average seems to be around a bit better than 330 mph for the A6M2 version.

Yes, I'm aware of Mike Williams' and Neil Stirling's excellent site and if you read my paper you will know that I use data from there. However, as you are probably aware, some people say the Zero could do 345 mph which my simulations indicate as optimistic, and I've instead elected to use the 316 mph at +50 boost 2350 rpm that's from the Japanese manual as the tuning point, and with that as a base, then my top speed estimate at +250 mm boost 2550 rpm for the Zero is circa 336 mph.
 
Coincidentally (albeit a little OT) I have an RAAF document, outlining tests carried out between a Spitfire VC and A6M3 ("Hap): the approximate maximum speed obtained for the A6M3 was 335 mph @ 16,000' rated altitude @ 2,600 rpm; 40" boost - with the note that the Air Speed Indicator had not been calibrated.
[At the start of the document, there is also a short article on TACTICS OF JAPANESE "TONY" TYPE FIGHTER (the Kawasaki Ki-61) that had recently been encountered for the first time over New Guinea.]

SpitVvZero4.jpg
SpitVvZero5.jpg
SpitVvZero6.jpg
SpitVvZero7.jpg
 
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Coincidentally (albeit a little OT) I have an RAAF document, outlining tests carried out between a Spitfire VC and A6M3 ("Hap): the approximate maximum speed obtained for the A6M3 was 335 mph @ 16,000' rated altitude @ 2,600 rpm; 40" boost - with the note that the Air Speed Indicator had not been calibrated.
[At the start of the document, there is also a short article on TACTICS OF JAPANESE "TONY" TYPE FIGHTER (the Kawasaki Ki-61) that had recently been encountered for the first time over New Guinea.]
Hello NZTyphoon,
This test would have been against the A6M3 Model 32 "Hap" assembled at Eagle Farm I believe.
The problem with tests involving this aircraft that I have found is that the people conducting the tests really had no idea what the engine settings and limitations should be and ran it way below its operational limits.
As an example, the actual rated altitude of the Sakae 21 in High Blower was 6,000 meters or 19.685 Feet. The RPM should have been 2700 and 2750 would have been the setting for Take-Off.
MP for Normal Maximum power would have been +200 mm boost == 37.795 inches Hg
MP for Take-Off power would have been +300 mm boost == 41.732 inches Hg.
You will find on the test report that these values were not used.

As for the rest of the discussion, I am staying out of it. Been there too many times with no effect.

- Ivan.
 

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