Ad: This forum contains affiliate links to products on Amazon and eBay. More information in Terms and rules
Hate to jump in here but OldSkeptic has a point. NASA came to the asme conclusion about laminar flow as he did on several occasions. They even tried sucking in the boundary layer with the X-21. When it worked, like maybe once, they achieved something like 95% laminar flow. The rest of the time it didn't work.
Let's revisit what was said
"Not really. There is a mythology about the Mustang's low drag being because of its laminar flow wing, which is simply not true.
The slightest manufacturing defect, dents from use, or dirt or even just a insect splat on the leading edge destroys the laminar flow
Followed by
The Mustang's low drag came from it's advanced radiator design, which offset 90% of radiator drag, plus careful attention to the design and manufacturing of the all the leading edge surfaces.
The point I made about the 66 series airfoil that was second gen P-51H in contrast to the NACA 23015 is that despite not achieving predicted laminar flow goals for NAA, both the NACA/NAA 45-100 and the 66-(1.8) 015.5 was still far superior, in practice, to the alternative airfoil NACA 23015 positioned to replace the 45-100. It never did for any of the P-51A/B/C/D/K versions despite having higher CL and more benevolent high angle of attack characteristics.. and the reason for that is that the 45-100 showed the drag reduction in wind tunnel and metered dive tests without prop which validated the wind tunnel results.
Simple answer - a Great deal of the drag reduction was due to the 'laminar Flow Shape' of the 45-100, not because of achieving Laminar Flow. The thrust achieved by the Meridith Flow effect of the radiator design accounted for an increment approximately +30% of the exhaust thrust and was significant but not as significant as the wing.
The theory said if 80% of the wing had laminar flow then a 25% drag reduction could be achieved.
This was a real attempt at liminar flow and only worked a couple of times, so they really didn't GET the drag reduction they spent a huge sum of money to achieve. If they didn't, then the P-51 surely didn't since there was no boundary layer sucking to help it along.
True that 'true laminar flow' was not achieved. True that the section drag of the 45-100 was 15% lower than the corresponding 23015, True that NAA never deviated toward picking the conventional 23015 type airfoil with max T/C at ~ 25% and Higher CLmax because they were satisfied with the 45-100 and even more pleased with the 66-(1.8) 15.5 that they put on the P-51F/G/H/J.
If the phrase Low Drag replaced Laminar Flow would folks understand that is what it was?
In fact I've never heard anyone, including aerodynamics professors at Purdue University, say that laminar flow drag reduction approached the theoretical limits in the field. That didn't stop them from trying and the results DID lower drag a bit, but never to anywhwere near the theoretical limits, except in wind tunnels where there is no dust, no insects, no floating debris, etc.
I haven't either. It is also noteworthy that NAA covered the P-51 wings used in the dive tests to simulate the field conditions expected for the normal operational conditions as they plowed through full scale/no prop dive tests to .75 Mach.
Still, lower drag IS lower drag.
I believe this concurs with the statement I made above
But the P-51 CANNOT promote its performance solely to a laminar flow wing. All you needs do is put one in a wind tunnel with typical foreign debris on it, like dirt, mud, incests, dents, scratches, peeling paint, etc. It will be good, but not much better than any other decent fighter wing. The Spitfire had a very high critical mach number, higher than the P-51, and didn't have a laminar flow wing. The Spiteful did, but not the Spitfire.
Umm, no but the Spit with the same engine and the same boost at the same altitude was 30+ mph slower - with the thinner wing and associated field conditions of the test facilities at RAE for all models - in level flight.
Laminar flow has been WAY overblown as to it's performance enhancement potential in aircraft that live out in the weather in the field.
Can anyone point to a report on the effects of removing the O/D - Neutral Gray camouflage from the P-51? I would assume that removing any extra layers of paint from laminar flow wings would have been of some benefit.
Conversely, it would be interesting to know whether the addition of the D-Day stripes, field applied camouflage, or other identification markings to the P-51's wings also affected performance.
Excellent summary Koopernic.
The Theodorsen Transformation that I was first exposed to in Engineering school was to map the pressure distribution around a rotating cyclinder in 2-D using Complex Variable math. The methodology was further developed to specify the pressure distribution and drive a mathematically 'suitable shape... which was good first step. I suspect students will still touch on this subject.
With the advent of really powerful computational methods, the use of Calculus of Variations was used to specify the pressure distribution required and develop the wing/airfoil combination in 3-D, then combine with powerful Navier Stokes models to further develop all the attributes of the 3 dimensional shapes of the wing body pressure distributions...
I was out of the airframe business before the latter methodology was practical.
The Mustang was designed for the British, not the Americans for starters. How could the Americans ignore the Mustang even with a P-40 derivative? Even if Curtiss could have gotten the P-60 into production, it's pretty likely the P-51 as it became with the USAAF i.e. a long range escort fighter, would have come about at any rate. It was a part of NAA's requirement for building the Mustang for the Brits that airframes were made available for evaluation by the USAAC.
Jacobs was aware as early as 1939 that the so called "Laminar Flow Wing" achieve a speed increase through lower shock drag and that laminar flow had little to do with it. Laminar flow was the marketing buzz word it seems.
The arrival of the Mustang timed perfectly just after an exhaustive set of specs from the Army Air Force Pursuit Board had been received (NAA was not on the fighter 'list') and deliveries made to Wright Pat for testing. As such, and as a Lend Lease fighter, it had zero priority over the other types for flight test. So, the AAF can be given a little bit of a pass on overlooking it in the Fall to Spring of 1942.
Having said this I could argue that the delay was not much in the context of the first flight of a Production P-51B in May 1943.
The second pass that should be given to the AAF is that when it Was tested and great reviews were produced in late Spring 1942, the Mustang was nearing combat ops, Harker at Rolls had really advanced the ball with a proposal to RAE to stuff a Merlin it. The 8th AF was experiencing increased resistance and losses in the ETO and the only two fighters seemingly capable of longer range escort AND high altitude performance were the P-38 and P-47 - but the Mustang 'conversion activities' at RR were unknown to all in the AAF except Major Tommy Hitchcock. So, a lot of data points arrived on Arnold's desk in April/May 1942
Net - the Mustang still wasn't visible, nor capable of high altitude escort in the ETO and remained so until mid 1942 when the design potential performance calculations emerged from RR/RAE to Hitchcock at US Embassy in London - and from there to Arnold. It was in July 1942 that two Mustangs were pulled from the P-51 line and development work on the P-51B started at NAA - both for design and production planning. So the 'slap my head moment' that Arnold said he experienced regarding the slow acceptance of the Mustang's potential wasn't as bad as it seems to some historians... further, based on intel from RAF/RR/RAE from Hitchcock, as well as NAA nearing the end of the Brit order and subsequent drying up of funds (and skilled personnel) for the Mustang, Arnold in very quick order, utilizing unused funds for a Dive Bomber, authorized on his own the contract for the A-36 to keep the lines and development continuous, then released a contract for the P-51A because it WAS better than the P-40 and P-39. The AAF inserted a stipulation that the P-51A remaining blocks could be inserted into the forthcoming P-51B pending results of NAA and RR/RAE.
The A-36 contract and development introduced a HUGE feature that provided the last key feature necessary for exploiting the long range potential of the airframe aerodynamics, namely the combination bomb rack, fuel tank and feed capability to the P-51 wing.
First - at best the P-51 (pre P-51B/Mark X) was a superior fighter to the P-40 and P-39 but it didn't project well at high altitude combat in ETO versus the 109 but perhaps still 'equal' to the 190 as a result of improved performance of the Allison V-1710-89.
Second - given the time from Harker's flight test report on April 29, 1942 and the subsequent proposal to install a series 60 Merlin, the elapsed time for AAF to react and engage with NAA to keep the P-51 line open was almost instantaneous. Historically it is difficult to extract the contact dialogue between Flight Test at Wright Pat, Army Procurement and communications from US Embassy holistically to figure out an exact cause and effect. My belief is that the continued need for a dive bomber, and residual funds available, was the lucky trigger to shorten the cycle by ordering the A-36.
Whatever the reason, the time cycle to produce the P-51B was almost optimal as the ability of RR to produce enough engines for reverse Lend Lease, or ability to tool up in England to produce the airframe to combine with additional manufacturing capacity at Rolls Royce - and beat NAA with delivery of quantity in Spring 1943 is questionable. Additionally Packard took until October to deliver the first 1650-3 which failed on bench test..delaying the first flight of the XP-51B until November 30. But the RR/RAE had already achieved spectacular results in early October.
The argument that the P-51B would have been ready much earlier 'if only the AAF didn't have their heads up their ass' really doesn't hold much water because, primarily, the Packard merlin 1650-3 could not have rolled out any faster than September/October 1942 and both the Mark X had flown, and the XP-51B was ready to fly when it was available.
My only point is that it took an amazing assembly of actions and decisions to transform a "better P-39 and P-40" to the terror that the P-51B became in the ETO and MTO in late 1943, early 1944. The slack time between what was possible, and what actually happened wasn't very great.
But it does make great fodder for what-if scenarios
It does seem that even if Packard merlin 1650-3's could not have been available earlier, the Allison powered planes could have/should have begun replacing P-40's.
Actually there was a great missed opportunity in not putting Merlin XX series (single stage, two speed) engines into a Mustang, a much easier conversion than a 60 series Merlin and there were plenty of them. That would it made it very competitive with the FW-190 (at least) in the 20,000-25,000ft region though maybe not the 109 at very high altitudes (30,000+ft).
Hi OldSkeptic
Actually there was a great missed opportunity in not putting Merlin XX series (single stage, two speed) engines into a Mustang, a much easier conversion than a 60 series Merlin and there were plenty of them. That would it made it very competitive with the FW-190 (at least) in the 20,000-25,000ft region though maybe not the 109 at very high altitudes (30,000+ft).
From the very excellent book Rolls Royce and the Mustang by David Birch.
Neil.
Just so you know what the heck we are talking about with laminar flow, here is a demostration:
It really makes me wonder .... maybe the P-51 should have been yellow. What it really shows is that the flow is predictable.
Hmm, scratching my head wondering how you are applying low RN viscous flow to RN>3-11x10^^6 air flow?
All it really means is the dye is in contact with the boundary layer by design (diameters of outside and inside cylinders are inside the boundary layer). The notion that the field P-51's had laminar flow over 80%+ of the surface is ludicrous. Don't take MY word for it, go ask any reputable aeronautical college about it on their fourums and then come back and post. Try Purdue, Embry-Riddle, or take your pick.
So, who has postulated 80%, or 50%, or 30% in your experience on this subject? That would be ludicrous
Did it have lower drag? Yes, really. As much as predicted? No. Did it help? Affirmative.
That does seem to be a concensus.
There are no wings flying today on plane in large-scale production with laminar flow over more than 60 - 70% of the wing,
Strictly speaking, just achieving 'attached flow' intermittently until reaching fully detached turbulent flow, to max T/C, would have been the Holy Grail... which for the example of the P-51 is near 40% IIRC. I may have stated 50% in one of the posts above for the 45-100, but that would have been wrong.
which doesn't satisfy the drag reduction theory for the laminar flow wing, but it helps. The Boeing 787, a paragon of efficiency, doesn't use a laminar flow wing; it uses a supercritical wing. Big difference.