cherry blossom
Senior Airman
- 510
- Apr 23, 2007
After reading some of the recommendations such as the above, you may feel that Japan contained many cliques (Army, Navy, Foreign Ministry, Planning Board, Imperial Palace, etc.) who co-operated poorly. "Pearl Harbor as history: Japanese-American relations, 1931-1941" edited by Dorothy Borg and Shumpei Okamoto (Columbia University Press, 1973, ISBN: 0231037341) contains chapters focusing on such groups or on particular issues and is very useful.
Of the particular groups, the IJN is probably the best described in the books available in English. "The Pearl Harbor Papers: Inside the Japanese Plans", edited by Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon, Potomac Books, 1999, ISBN-10: 1574882228, "The Pacific War Papers: Japanese Documents of World War II" also edited by Donald M. Goldstein, and Katherine V. Dillon, Brassey's , 2005, ISBN-10: 1574886320 and "The Japanese Navy in World War II: In the Words of Former Japanese Naval Officers" by David C. Evans, Naval Institute Press; 2nd edition, 1986, ISBN-10: 0870213164 are allowed some quite senior IJN officers to give their reflections. "Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887-1941" by David C. Evans and Mark R. Peattie (Naval Institute Press, 2003, ISBN-10: 0870211927), "From Mahan to Pearl Harbor: American Strategic Theory and the Rise of the Imperial Japanese Navy" by Sadao Asada (Naval Institute Press, 2006) and "Old Friends, New Enemies: The Royal Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy, vol. 1: Strategic illusions, 1936-1941" by Arthur J. Marder (Oxford University Press, 1981, ISBN: 0198226047) are very good sources and and aircraft fan might also like "Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909-1941" by Mark R. Peattie (Naval Institute Press, 2001, ISBN: 1557504326) although I don't remember it containing much about politics. "Reluctant Allies: German-Japanese Naval Relations in World War II" by Yoichi Hirama, Berthold J. Sander-Nagashima, Axel Niestle, and Hans-Joachim Krug (Naval Institute Press; 2002, ISBN-10: 1557504652) by contrast does contain some details of pre-war political contacts. There are also two articles that may lead us to doubt the idea that the Navy was a force for restrain: "Nanshin: Budget-Maximizing Behavior, the Imperial Japanese Navy and the Origins of the Pacific War" by Brian Edward Dollery, Zane A. Spindler and Craig Parsons, Public Organization Review, 2004, vol. 4, issue 2, pages 135-155 can be found online at EconPapers: Nanshin: Budget-Maximizing Behavior, the Imperial Japanese Navy and the Origins of the Pacific War. I found a free .pdf of Nanshin somewhere but have forgotten the site. The other article "The Imperial Japanese Navy and the Constructed Consciousness of a South Seas Destiny, 1872–1921" by J. Charles Schencking Modern Asian Studies (1999), 33 : 769-796 CJO - Abstract - The Imperial Japanese Navy and the Constructed Consciousness of a South Seas Destiny, 1872–1921 discusses a period before your main interest but tells a similar story. There is a strong overlap between Nanshin and Barnhart's "Japan Prepares for Total War".
I have not read much about the Army but "The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920s" by Leonard Humphreys (Stanford, 1995), "Japan's Imperial Army: Its Rise and Fall, 1853-1945" by Edward J. Drea (University Press of Kansas, 2009, ISBN-10: 0700616632) and "In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army" by Edward J. Drea (University of Nebraska Press, 1998, ISBN-10: 0803266383) are generally recommended. You will also want "Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939" by Alvin Coox (Stanford University Press, 1990, ISBN-10: 0804718350) and "Nomonhan : Japanese-Soviet tactical combat, 1939" by Edward J. Drea (University of Michigan Library, 1981) although you can read the last online (see http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/download/csipubs/nomohan/nom_intro.pdf). A further online source is the Japanese monographs at http://ibiblio.org/pha/monos/. You need histories of the Second Sino-Japanese War but I only have "When Tigers Fight: The story of the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945" by Dick Wilson (Viking Press, 1982, ISBN 0-670-76003-X).
I have not read Ian Nish's "Japanese foreign policy, 1869–1942: Kasumigaseki to Miyakezaka", (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977) or his "Japanese Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period" (Praeger, 2002) but those may be the place to start looking for details of the Foreign Ministry apart from the chapter in "Pearl Harbor as history". Shigemitsu Mamoru's memoirs "Japan and her destiny : my struggle for peace" has been translated into English (Hutchinson, 1958 ). You might also find Ambassador Joseph Grew's "Ten Years in Japan" of interest Ten Years in Japan - Google Books.
Michael A. Barnhart's "Japan Prepares for Total War" and Edward S. Miller's "Bankrupting the Enemy" have been suggested by previous posters and are excellent. David Flath's "The Japanese Economy" and Christopher Howe's "The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy" give a slightly less pessimistic view of the same data, showing that Japan grew much faster than most other countries during the Thirties. Chalmers A. Johnson's "MITI and the Japanese Economic Miracle" describes the push towards a controlled economy over the same period. Louise Young's "Japan's Total Empire" is an invaluable source on Manchuria and its influence on Japan itself as the testing ground for a command economy. Haruo Iguchi's "Unfinished Business: Ayukawa Yoshisuke and U.S. - Japan relations, 1937 – 1953" also discusses Manchuria, especially Ayukawa's attempts to attract investment. The older "Japan's Quest for Autonomy: National Security and Foreign Policy" by James B. Crowley (Princeton,1966) is still frequently referenced (but I have not yet found a copy). An important recent book is "Lever of Empire: The International Gold Standard and the Crisis of Liberalism in Prewar Japan" by Mark Metzler (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005, ISBN: 9780520244207). This is on the period well before 1941 but helps to explain why Japan was so hostile to Anglo-American investment in China.
I have no idea what ordinary Japanese were thinking in 1941 but it may be more complicated than is generally believed. For example, Saito Takao, who was expelled from the Diet for speaking against the Army in 1940, was re-elected in 1942. Going back ten years, "The Manchurian Crisis and Japanese Society, 1931-33" by Sandra Wilson (Routledge, 2001, ISBN-10: 0415250560) describes how Japanese opinions shifted over that period. "Justice in Japan: The Notorious Teijin Scandal" by Richard H. Mitchell (University of Hawaii Press, 2002, ISBN-10: 0824825233) describes some of the legal pressures against civilian politicians. However, the illegal pressures could be even more potent as described by "The Double Patriots: Study of Japanese Nationalism" by Richard Storry, (Houghton Mifflin,1956, reprinted Greenwood Press, 1973, ISBN-10: 0837166438 ) and "Revolt in Japan: the young officers and the February 26, 1936 incident" by Ben-Ami Shillony (Princeton UP, 1973, ISBN 0691075484).
(end of part 2)
Of the particular groups, the IJN is probably the best described in the books available in English. "The Pearl Harbor Papers: Inside the Japanese Plans", edited by Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon, Potomac Books, 1999, ISBN-10: 1574882228, "The Pacific War Papers: Japanese Documents of World War II" also edited by Donald M. Goldstein, and Katherine V. Dillon, Brassey's , 2005, ISBN-10: 1574886320 and "The Japanese Navy in World War II: In the Words of Former Japanese Naval Officers" by David C. Evans, Naval Institute Press; 2nd edition, 1986, ISBN-10: 0870213164 are allowed some quite senior IJN officers to give their reflections. "Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887-1941" by David C. Evans and Mark R. Peattie (Naval Institute Press, 2003, ISBN-10: 0870211927), "From Mahan to Pearl Harbor: American Strategic Theory and the Rise of the Imperial Japanese Navy" by Sadao Asada (Naval Institute Press, 2006) and "Old Friends, New Enemies: The Royal Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy, vol. 1: Strategic illusions, 1936-1941" by Arthur J. Marder (Oxford University Press, 1981, ISBN: 0198226047) are very good sources and and aircraft fan might also like "Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909-1941" by Mark R. Peattie (Naval Institute Press, 2001, ISBN: 1557504326) although I don't remember it containing much about politics. "Reluctant Allies: German-Japanese Naval Relations in World War II" by Yoichi Hirama, Berthold J. Sander-Nagashima, Axel Niestle, and Hans-Joachim Krug (Naval Institute Press; 2002, ISBN-10: 1557504652) by contrast does contain some details of pre-war political contacts. There are also two articles that may lead us to doubt the idea that the Navy was a force for restrain: "Nanshin: Budget-Maximizing Behavior, the Imperial Japanese Navy and the Origins of the Pacific War" by Brian Edward Dollery, Zane A. Spindler and Craig Parsons, Public Organization Review, 2004, vol. 4, issue 2, pages 135-155 can be found online at EconPapers: Nanshin: Budget-Maximizing Behavior, the Imperial Japanese Navy and the Origins of the Pacific War. I found a free .pdf of Nanshin somewhere but have forgotten the site. The other article "The Imperial Japanese Navy and the Constructed Consciousness of a South Seas Destiny, 1872–1921" by J. Charles Schencking Modern Asian Studies (1999), 33 : 769-796 CJO - Abstract - The Imperial Japanese Navy and the Constructed Consciousness of a South Seas Destiny, 1872–1921 discusses a period before your main interest but tells a similar story. There is a strong overlap between Nanshin and Barnhart's "Japan Prepares for Total War".
I have not read much about the Army but "The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920s" by Leonard Humphreys (Stanford, 1995), "Japan's Imperial Army: Its Rise and Fall, 1853-1945" by Edward J. Drea (University Press of Kansas, 2009, ISBN-10: 0700616632) and "In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army" by Edward J. Drea (University of Nebraska Press, 1998, ISBN-10: 0803266383) are generally recommended. You will also want "Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939" by Alvin Coox (Stanford University Press, 1990, ISBN-10: 0804718350) and "Nomonhan : Japanese-Soviet tactical combat, 1939" by Edward J. Drea (University of Michigan Library, 1981) although you can read the last online (see http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/download/csipubs/nomohan/nom_intro.pdf). A further online source is the Japanese monographs at http://ibiblio.org/pha/monos/. You need histories of the Second Sino-Japanese War but I only have "When Tigers Fight: The story of the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945" by Dick Wilson (Viking Press, 1982, ISBN 0-670-76003-X).
I have not read Ian Nish's "Japanese foreign policy, 1869–1942: Kasumigaseki to Miyakezaka", (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977) or his "Japanese Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period" (Praeger, 2002) but those may be the place to start looking for details of the Foreign Ministry apart from the chapter in "Pearl Harbor as history". Shigemitsu Mamoru's memoirs "Japan and her destiny : my struggle for peace" has been translated into English (Hutchinson, 1958 ). You might also find Ambassador Joseph Grew's "Ten Years in Japan" of interest Ten Years in Japan - Google Books.
Michael A. Barnhart's "Japan Prepares for Total War" and Edward S. Miller's "Bankrupting the Enemy" have been suggested by previous posters and are excellent. David Flath's "The Japanese Economy" and Christopher Howe's "The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy" give a slightly less pessimistic view of the same data, showing that Japan grew much faster than most other countries during the Thirties. Chalmers A. Johnson's "MITI and the Japanese Economic Miracle" describes the push towards a controlled economy over the same period. Louise Young's "Japan's Total Empire" is an invaluable source on Manchuria and its influence on Japan itself as the testing ground for a command economy. Haruo Iguchi's "Unfinished Business: Ayukawa Yoshisuke and U.S. - Japan relations, 1937 – 1953" also discusses Manchuria, especially Ayukawa's attempts to attract investment. The older "Japan's Quest for Autonomy: National Security and Foreign Policy" by James B. Crowley (Princeton,1966) is still frequently referenced (but I have not yet found a copy). An important recent book is "Lever of Empire: The International Gold Standard and the Crisis of Liberalism in Prewar Japan" by Mark Metzler (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005, ISBN: 9780520244207). This is on the period well before 1941 but helps to explain why Japan was so hostile to Anglo-American investment in China.
I have no idea what ordinary Japanese were thinking in 1941 but it may be more complicated than is generally believed. For example, Saito Takao, who was expelled from the Diet for speaking against the Army in 1940, was re-elected in 1942. Going back ten years, "The Manchurian Crisis and Japanese Society, 1931-33" by Sandra Wilson (Routledge, 2001, ISBN-10: 0415250560) describes how Japanese opinions shifted over that period. "Justice in Japan: The Notorious Teijin Scandal" by Richard H. Mitchell (University of Hawaii Press, 2002, ISBN-10: 0824825233) describes some of the legal pressures against civilian politicians. However, the illegal pressures could be even more potent as described by "The Double Patriots: Study of Japanese Nationalism" by Richard Storry, (Houghton Mifflin,1956, reprinted Greenwood Press, 1973, ISBN-10: 0837166438 ) and "Revolt in Japan: the young officers and the February 26, 1936 incident" by Ben-Ami Shillony (Princeton UP, 1973, ISBN 0691075484).
(end of part 2)