Why the Skua Only Carried a 500lb Bomb

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The view over short nose of the Skua Mk.I prototype must have been excellent for taxiing, landing, and searching for ships or other aircraft.
Though it looks alarmingly short in level flight- perhaps the centre-of-gravity issue was just to do with optimising it for cockpit view, and not as I'd suspected the designers sensibly allowing for a heavier engine...




I can believe it - the sideways-canted panes are presumably for looking at the deck, though it would make sense that they'd try to do two useful things at once (seems like part of the package on a dive-bomber / fighter hybrid!).

No. The reasons for two-seat fighter-reconaissance aircraft are well-established.

Oh, there were well-established reasons that weren't to do with "RDF", but when you discover surface-search radar in September 1937, and in March 1938 you decide you need to adapt the most readily available large, long-range two-seater as the centrepiece of your carrier force, it's not completely impossible that there was some connection between these two things that just wasn't talked about that openly...

Now yes, there are other possible explanations, there's no indication the Fulmar ever actually carried ASV (though I am coming across odd references to them shadowing enemy capital ships at night in the Atlantic) and to an extent I'm just indulging my habit of towing gunnery targets, but it seems like an interesting juxtaposition...

Thanks for the information! Though to my chagrin, I'll observe that if I'd bothered to do more than guessing wildly on the internet, I could have looked up the gist of it in Friedman's British Cruisers and saved you the need to reply...

That said, it's not as impressive as it sounds; it's mostly anti-aircraft stuff - Type 281 at the masthead for angle, Type 285 on the director for ranging and Type 282 on the pom-poms themselves, plus associated IFF and D/F kit, all of which is a lot of effort for, what, two quad 40mm?

Now, as you say, she needed second tripod mast added aft to carry the receiving end of the Type 281, presumably because the existing foremast wasn't robust enough for the integrated Type 281B; the surface-search lantern is on top of the charthouse, the only other place for it and a rather low position which would limit range, and there's no proper surface-gunnery set, because there's simply no room for one; so I wasn't completely wrong to hazard a lack of "useful space for radar" which might add to the continued utility of a catapult plane in its traditional roles of surface-search and spotting (a photo of Emerald in Friedman's Naval Firepower claims the lantern is actually only the shorter-range periscope-detecting Type 271, too, though that could be a misidentification; the photo's inaccurately dated "March 1942", which confused me for a while; but the full version on the IWM museum website features the tripod mast aft, confirming that it follows the refit)...

Apologies for the successive edits in this section, too...

They presumably also had the same limited charthouse/topmast space as Emerald, even if it wasn't nearly so limited as I'd casually imagined...

Aye, that's what I said!

I'll look that up with interest... I've never found a way into the Japanese material, except that I'd acquired the sense that a surprising amount of what the USN thought they knew after 1945 was sourced from simple guesswork and debriefings of IJA officers who had little real knowledge of what the IJN were doing...

Oh, I understand the purpose of the spotter in pre-radar days - I'm just meditating on the fact that that catapult floatplanes off capital ships and cruisers continued to have a use as search-radar platforms covering a larger area (and also preventing the capital ships from hanging out a big flashing "here I am" sign on the masthead), which isn't as immediately obvious...

That's part what I meant by "obviously they'd found masthead radar more useful than the Walrus in the Bismarck chase in North Atlantic conditions". Excuse the ironic understatement?

There is anecdotal evidence of a Walrus deck-landing on HMS Argus, though (an over-the-horizon signal-flag to Exeter and Vian?)...

I'd say the reason the surface raider wasn't the threat was largely due to terrible procurement decisions by Raeder, who was trying to continue the campaign he'd been planning with von Hipper in 1918... but that's another discussion...

The details on the actual outfit of the aircraft are fascinating though, and obviously quite new to me - much appreciated!

As pointed out above it could not be further from the truth.

The only Fulmars to get radar were those converted as night fighters.

So it seems, but that doesn't strictly mean they weren't supposed to...
 
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Hypothetically giving the USN Swordfish (but preferably Albacores which the FAA intended to be it's successor) in lieu of the TBD allows us to explore how it differs from the TBD and what additionally capabilities it would have offered the USN.

The Swordfish had better range than the TDB but most importantly it carried ASV radar and so could conduct recon at night and in bad weather. In any event USN day recon patrols seldom exceeded the Swordfish's range.

The torpedo was certainly the preferred weapon against surface ships but it was used fairly often as a DB: From the Pilot's Notes for the Swordfish:
"36. Flying limitations
(i} The aircraft is designed for manoeuvres appropriate to a
torpedo-dive bomber...
"

To quote wikipedia:

"The Swordfish was also capable of operating as a dive-bomber. During 1939, Swordfish on board HMS Glorious participated in a series of dive-bombing trials, during which 439 practice bombs were dropped at dive angles of 60, 67 and 70 degrees, against the target ship HMS Centurion. Tests against a stationary target showed an average error of 49 yd (45 m) from a release height of 1,300 ft (400 m) and a dive angle of 70 degrees; tests against a manoeuvring target showed an average error of 44 yd (40 m) from a drop height of 1,800 ft (550 m) and a dive angle of 60 degrees.[14]"

In one operation a Swordfish squadron from HMS Eagle were used to sink two Italian destroyers and cripple several others that were operating in the Red Sea in early 1941. The Swordfish as DBs were carrying 6 x 250lb bombs each, and this proved extremely effective. The Swordfish was used quite often as a strike bomber in the DB role, as was the Albacore and both were designed for this role.

The TBD, due to it's STOL characteristics was not operable from the slower carriers and shorter flight decks of most FAA carriers and it's wing fold design would have prevented it from being carried in the hangars of most of the modern carriers including Victorious and Ark Royal. It also had less range than the Swordfish as it could not carry aux internal or external fuel tanks. It's unlikely that it could carry ASV radar. The TDB was not stressed for DBing and so could not undertake the FAA's preferred torpedo attack profile using a DB approach just prior to weapon release. With it's low stressed monoplane airframe it would have been very difficult for it to have undertaken the Taranto raid, for example, as it gained speed too rapidly whilst descending to weapon release altitude.
 

There was a NF variant of the Fulmar II that was fitted with AI radar. The Fulmar was designed for night operations but was not fitted with ASV radar AFAIK.
 
There is little to distinguish Type 271 from Type 273 externally. Type 271 was intended for small ships and 273 for larger ships (cruiser and above). Derek Howse in "Radar at Sea" describes the difference as follows:-
"The big-ship set, dubbed type 273, was identical to type 271 except for the rwo 3ft circular mirrors (not stabilized in the earlier models) and a slightly larger lantern."


Type 271 aerial within the lantern:-


Type 273 aerial within the lantern:-




When it comes to looking at radar ranges in WW2 care needs to be taken in comparing like with like. Radars were upgraded as the war went on. Performance could vary from ship type to ship type. And that is before considering the quality of the operators.

The first Type 273 was fitted in the battleship Prince of Wales during her refit at Rosyth in June / July 1941 where it was carried high up in the ship between the forward high angle directors. Being mounted higher on a larger and more stable platform automatically helped increase range. Howse notes that the working range was 19 miles on the battlecruiser Repulse, 18 miles on the cruiser Euryalus and 14 miles on the destroyer Lively.

In comparison, a 271 carried much lower on a corvette could achieve about 6-7.5 miles against a destroyer and 2-2.5 on a submarine (not its periscope).

But as the war went on the performance of each of these sets was improved (differentiated by suffix letters). 271Q for example was first installed in the corvette Marigold in May 1942 as a replacement for one of the very first 271 sets. She was able to detect a sub at 5 miles. The first 273Q went into King George V in July 1942 and achieved 28 miles against the cruiser Cumberland and a submarine at 7.5 miles.

As for Emerald's armament it changed as the war went on (see Raven and Roberts "British Cruisers of World War Two" Appendix 2 War Modifications)

1939 - 7x6" single mounts; 3x4" single HA; 2xsingle pom-pom; 4xquad 0.5"
8/42-4/43 refit - remove 1x6" and all single pom-pom & quad 0.5". Add 2xquad pom-pom with associated directors and 6xtwin 20mm
3-4/44 - remove catapult and add 6 single 20mm

That was a fairly typical RN cruiser light AA armament for the period. The smaller modified Dido, Spartan completed in Aug 1943 had 3 quad pom-pom (one in place of Q turret in the original Dido class) and 6 twin 20mm. The three slightly larger modified Fiji class completed Jan-July 1943 had 3 quad pom-pom (one in place of the triple 6" X turret of the original class) and 8-10 twin 20mm.

Just by way of comparison a US Omaha class cruiser of similar age would have carried something like this in early 1943:-
10x6" (2x2 & 6x1 reduced from 12); 7x3"/50 singles; 2xtwin 40mm and 12x20mm singles (with 1x3" scheduled for replacement with a twin bofors when available).

Radar wise they carried a big SK warning radar (equivalent to Type 281) and a centimetric SG set for surface search (equivalent to Type 271/273). They also received 1/2 Mk 3 sets for gunnery fire control (equivalent of the RN Type 282/284/285 gunnery radars)
 
There was a NF variant of the Fulmar II that was fitted with AI radar. The Fulmar was designed for night operations but was not fitted with ASV radar AFAIK.

I certainly haven't found anything to say otherwise, in terms of the aircraft as-deployed; lack of precision in published narratives made me curious, but EwenS clearly knows a lot more about this, and seems certain that they never had anything except the late AI variant...

For example, an attempt to find the Italian fleet in September 1941 began with two ASV-equipped "shadowers" of unspecified type followed by a twelve Swordfish and four Fulmars, with "ten ASV sets in the formation" - to me, that lack of speicficity looks curious, but I suspect it's simply being taken as read that all those ASV aircraft are Swordfish?


Thanks again - I knew that Type 273 had a different aerial inside the lantern, but not what it looked like, or whether there was any external difference that might provide a clue.

But in addition... it turns out that the crew of Emerald wrote a helpfully technical review of their radar (for the September 1944 volume of the Admiralty Signals Establishment's Bulletin, "part 3" of the PDF). Amazing what you can turn up on google...

In summary...

They had a proper surface-search set Type 273QR, which they reported could detect Ramilles at ranges out to 25 nautical miles, and destroyers at roughly 15 nautical miles - this is pretty good, as for comparison Duke of York picked up Scharnhorst at just under 23 nautical miles (albeit perhaps in less radar-friendly sea-conditions); but it's all inside the horizon, which would make a catapult-plane necessary for over-the-horizon search. Also, it had limited rotation, and didn't cover the third of the horizon astern of the ship - I have no idea if this was typical of the type.

The Type 281 masthead air-search set was used as designed for angle and height-finding in the AA role, and seems to have worked as designed.

The Type 285 gunnery-direction radar (properly used for anti-aircraft ranging) was used as an improvised aft search set; though it's not entirely clear, it may have been used for surface gunnery as well, and presumably refined the rather imprecise angles of the search radar....

The Type 282 radar on the quad-40mms could be used to range on Emerald's own shell splashes, presumably from the main 6-inch guns - using a light AA as an improvised fire-control system to correct main-gunnery range appeals to me!

There was a Type 251M navigation beacon, little-used but useful to 27 miles, and an IFF set consisting of a Type 243 interrogator / Type 253 transponder, paired units that were designed to respond to their counterparts; the Type 243 worked well, picking up the IFF signal of their own floatplane to ranges beyond what the Type 281 could see, but their Type 253 automatically activated in response to it, and they were trying to work out a way to stop this. The F.V.1 D/F system hadn't detected anything except RN radars, and was completely jammed when any of Emerald's own AA sets were switched on.

The Emerald's floatplane carried "Mark III", from the context evidently ASV Mk.III.


The three 4-inch HA are what I was missing! Those coupled with the two quad-40mm pompoms make an altogether more useful flak armament. I would be surprised if the 20mm Oerlikons were capable of being effectively director-fired, by radar or otherwise, while the main 6-inch guns are for shooting at ships and shore-targets only (and were always a little impractical as a hand-loaded deck-pivot gun)...

My understanding of the way the RN set up its AA guns that a quad-40mm (whether pompom or Bofors) was considered approximately comparable to a 4-inch in mounting weight, flak firepower and potential for centralised "director-firing" and radar-laying, and the two types were controlled together, whereas the lighter stuff like 20mm was just swung around by the gunner's bodyweight and aimed by eye.

Similarly, the director-fired AA of the Fiji class combines the three quad-40mm mountings with eight 4-inch HA secondaries, in two twin-mounts on each side; the Dido class tried to cheat, as their main armament of twin-mounted 5.25-inch guns was supposed to be dual-purpose, with a strong anti-aircraft emphasis, which removed the need for sided secondaries (in practice, less so; the two which got 4.5-inch main guns did better)...


The Omaha is a very different design from a RN light cruiser of the pre-Treaty style, much more like an old-fashioned armoured cruiser - the most pertinent point here is that she's highsided with a long forecastle providing a full-width platform over the gangways, where there's extra room for seven AA guns in place of the Emerald's three; she was also proably less restricted in terms of topweight, because the USN was less cautious / more confident with margins of stability than the RN, and I suspect the hull was probably quite a bit deeper too...
 
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When 455 "Sqn Hampdens were called on to bomb the German fleet in the "Channel Dash", they were forced to bomb from low level, due weather and their bombs did not have the height to gain velocity and the bombs were reported as "bouncing off.
 
I believe the Argus was laid down as a battleship (1918) but was converted to a Carrier. It went with PQ18 to fly Hurricanes off at max range to Murmansk (Vaenga/Severomorsk). It was the only carrier with lifts big enough to handle a ready to fly Hurricane, though one damaged its U/C on the hump at the bow designed to give aircraft a bit of extra lift on take off, It had to fly wheels down! They did give the Germans a jolt, when they came from nowhere to bomb Kirkennes on the way home. Several FAA aircraft were shot down and it only took 4 days toget the aircrew into Dulag Luft.
 
Hi
According to 'Aircraft Carriers of the World, 1914 to the Present' by Roger Chesneau, page 89, the ARGUS was originally laid down at Beardmore in early 1914 as the merchant ship CONTO ROSSO for the Lloyd Sabaudo Line. So has merchant ship origins rather than warship origins of some other early aircraft carriers.

Mike
 
Argus's aircraft delivery to Russia actually preceded PQ18 by a year.
 
As well as the factual errors already point out, I think that you conflating a number of different events.

Firstly, as pointed out, Argus was converted from an Italian liner hull laid down in 1914, purchased by the Admiralty in Sept 1916 and completed as the first flush decked carrier in Sept 1918. It did not have a "hump" in its flight deck. And it was not the only carrier with lifts big enough to handle a fully assembled Hurricane. Both the lifts in Furious and at least the forward lift in Eagle were large enough and both these ships hosted Hurricanes & Sea Hurricanes during WW2.

The design of Indomitable was altered while she was being constructed to provide a forward lift large enough for a Hurricane and as well as flying off Hurricanes in the Indian Ocean, she operated Sea Hurricanes from her completion until late 1942. The US built escort carriers and some of the British built escort carriers also had lifts large enough to hande the Sea Hurricane. The last Sea Hurricanes were withdrawn from operational squadrons in Sept 1944 (825 & 835 on Vindex & Nairana respectively)

Operation Benedict comprising the 24 Hurricane IIb of two squadrons of 151 Wing (81 & 134) went to Russia on Argus, sailing at the end of Aug 1941 and being flown off on 7 Sept. 15 more arrived in crates on a merchantman shortly thereafter. After operating briefly and training Russian pilots on the type, the aircraft were handed over to the Russian Navy 78th IAP on 19 Oct and the personnel returned to the UK in Nov 1941. These were the first of approx 3,000 Hurricanes delivered to Russia.

As for your reference to Kirkenes, which was in northern Norway about 500+ miles from Vaenga in Russia, I think you must be referring to the ill fated Operation EF on 30 July 1941. On that occasion aircraft from Victorious raided Kirkenes and those from Furious raided Petsamo. Furious carried a detachment from 880 squadron with 4 Sea Hurricanes for that operation.

Now Furious was a carrier with a "hump" in its flight deck, and at various times ferried both Hurricanes and Spitfires seemingly with no problems caused by the "hump" in the flight deck. Can you please supply more details? There was one occasion during Operation Bellows in Aug 1942 (part of Operation Pedestal to Malta) when a Spitfire developed a fault on take off from Furious and landed back on the Indomitable, but that was due to a fuel problem.

Edit:- When ferrying Hurricanes it was a common practice to remove the outer wing panels for storage in the hangars of the carriers. That way more could be carried. They would then be reassembled immediately prior to being moved to the flight deck for take off. That was often done in batches as space permitted.
 
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Real Reason were losses after Midway, were pulled from front line service.
But there is no reason it couldn't have had something like USN AN/APS-4, had there been more in service.



or later AN/APS-4 had they still been in service in 1944, that was only 242 pounds

the AN/APS-6 airborne radar was a simplification of AN/APS-4 (ASH) suitable for single-seat fighters. It used a much smaller display, just 2 inches (5 cm) in diameter, which eliminated the need for a radar operator and served as a radar gunsight.
The parabolic antenna rotated at 1200 rotations per minute; in search mode, the antenna nodded while rotating to scan a spiral pattern coveringa 120 degree cone in front of the aircraft. In gunsight mode, the nodding was turned off and the antenna scanned a 15 degree cone in front of the aircraft. Search ranges could be set for 1, 5, 25, or 65 miles (1.6, 8, 40, and105 km), and the scope mode automatically changed for each range setting: The scope operated as a B scope at the two long range search settings or as an O scope at the two shorter search ranges. The scope also provided approximate altitude information from the sea return.

The prototype was developed in September 1943, but difficulties with the RF head head delayed production by Westinghouse until April 1944. The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia: APS-6 Airborne Radar
 
The TDB was grossly overweight by 1942 and the airframe wouldn't have been capable of carrying an ASV/ASB radar and a useful weapon load. Additionally it's short range and endurance would have been problematic.
 
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The TDB was grossly overweight by 1942 and the airframe wouldn't have capable of carrying an ASV/ASB radar and a useful weapon load. Additionally it's short range and endurance would have been problematic.
AN/APS-3 was 300 pounds, and had twin scopes, as in the diagram above, for Pilot and operator. Used in other aircraft like TBF and PBY
300 pounds weight for install.
Where are you finding grossly overweight?

TBD had flaws, but that? Had 201 gallons of fuel. It needed the latest R-1830, for starters, and a trip to the wind tunnel for a TBD-2 before the war even started, and more than 130 built

6200 pounds empty was not out of line for an aircraft that size.
 
But in 1942 centimetric AN/APS-3 (or ASD in USN parlance) and AN/APS-4 (ASH) were still in the future.

The radar introduced by the USN from late 1942 was the metric ASB (SCR-521). While lighter (152lb) and less capable, it needed Yagi aerials to transmit/receive which would have added drag to the airframe, slowing the TBD down even further. When fitted the effect was to reduce aircraft speed by 2-5 knots

 
IMO, The Devastator with a 1942-current R-1830 and a metric radar would've been just a fine aircraft for ASV patrols.
 
I'm looking at it's actual combat range and endurance in 1942. The TBD was being forced to TO at ~10400lb in 1942 with an 850hp engine...it was already problematic for TO even on the USN's large flight decks and fast carriers. If we add ASB radar, then we have to delete the torpedo to TO and if we find a target at night we can't attack it.

OK, we add a bigger engine (and even more weight) and then it will burn more fuel and range decreases even further. The airframe was lightly stressed and just not capable of handling more weight or higher performance; Just take a look at it's G and Vmax limits.
 

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