Here's another one from Asahigraph Magazine c. 1943. Same aircraft, but with U.S. Army A.C. markings, including underwing block lettering. You can also see that the red center of the white star is painted-out.
Of note also is that many of the people in these pictures appear to be Western, while in others they're clearly Japanese.
The pictures seem to raise more questions than provide answers - but the color scheme is real, and pretty cool.