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This was for the UK, I think, an aspect of a view toward the potential "Terror Bombing" campaign planned against Germany in event of war, from before the war started. .
There is a reason why many medics and stretcher bearers of both sides in WWI took off their red cross markings. A patch of white with a red cross provided a good aiming point for a sniper.
Not contesting that point; it was the backbone of long distance transportation. It just didn't (and couldn't) reach into every small farming and light industry community, necessitating development and growth of a trucking industry. Ironically, this has in the long run led to the decline of railroads in the US.
It is quite clear from the interrogation reports that the Seenotdienst expected that the British would respect these aircraft and not shoot them down. The first crews captured quite obviously believed that a terrible mistake had been made in their cases and that the British could not possibly have intended to shoot/force them down. The Germans considered them non-combatant, whatever the legal niceties of the laws of war.
Whether that was technically correct or not is not the point. It was a moral question, and it was one of the first instances from a British perspective when moral standards slipped. They had a long way to fall on all sides.
In 1940 I would have shot them down too, but today it looks like a poor decision.
The Seenotdienst program was started in 1933, and was crewed with civilians and military from the start (and continued through 1945).Did the Seenotdienst crews know the 'official' Luftwaffe policy on the protection of the red cross?
In theory, if both sides had trusted each other not to abuse the privilege, the German ASR efforts would probably have been applauded by the UK
Hi
Did the Seenotdienst crews know the 'official' Luftwaffe policy on the protection of the red cross?
Mike
In the early days, when railroads were growing, at what seemed to their eager would-be customers, a snail's pace, they were often granted large parcels of land out of which to fashion a right of way and adjoining lots which they could then sell to finance construction. This got them built more quickly, but then the "robber barons" came along and turned them into monstrous monopolies that needed reining in. At that point, their granted lands began to look to the common folk like ill gotten gains that should be benefitting the public treasury, and taxation was one lever of restraint on the robber barons that they didn't have the political clout to avoid.That, and the fact that railroads had to pay property taxes on their rights of way and for all the maintenance of the roads. The trucking industry didn't and still doesn't
RoW. Finally, an acronym I I know! G-D bless the Railroads.In the early days, when railroads were growing, at what seemed to their eager would-be customers, a snail's pace, they were often granted large parcels of land out of which to fashion a right of way and adjoining lots which they could then sell to finance construction. This got them built more quickly, but then the "robber barons" came along and turned them into monstrous monopolies that needed reining in. At that point, their granted lands began to look to the common folk like ill gotten gains that should be benefitting the public treasury, and taxation was one lever of restraint on the robber barons that they didn't have the political clout to avoid.
Enter the petroleum industry. As the network of paved roads began to grow, they could see an expanding market at the expense of the then coal burning railroads, and heavily promoted "freedom of the open road", the auto and trucking industries, and the strategic importance of them. The infant trucking industry profited from "fostering" as the railroads had in their time, and were taxed on their equipment value, not their road usage, nor the RoW value of the roads they used.
My next door neighbor is a trucker, and he pays a hefty motor vehicle tax and registration in several states annually, and pro rata in other states he drives through, plus road tax in the states he's registered in. He does get a break, if you can call it that, in that the road taxes he and other truckers pay are less than the actual cost of repairs and maintenance that trucking inflicts on the roads. (Highway Council statistics)
Let's get back to Wildcats and BoB.
I do wonder why the Germans thought painting an aircraft white and putting a red cross on it protected the aircraft?
I am curious, I have a reference in regard to this, that the 1929 Convention also stated "Aircraft used as a means of medical transport shall enjoy the protection of the Convention during the period in which they are reserved exclusively for the evacuation of wounded and sick and the transport of medical personnel and material. In the absence of special and express permission, flying over the firing line, and over the zone situated in front of clearing and dressing stations, and generally over all enemy territory or territory occupied by the enemy, is prohibited."Hey GrauGeist,
Unfortunately no.
re Air-Sea Rescue Aircraft and the Geneva Convention
from Geneva Convention 1929
Article 7
___The protection to which medical formations and establishments are entitled shall cease if they are made use of to commit acts harmful to the enemy.
Article 18
___Medical aircraft, that is to say, aircraft exclusively employed for the removal of wounded and sick and for the transport of medical personnel and equipment, shall not be attacked, but shall be respected by the belligerents, while flying at heights, times and on routes specifically agreed upon between the belligerents concerned.*
___They shall bear, clearly marked, the distinctive emblem prescribed in Article 38, together with their national colours, on their lower, upper and lateral surfaces. They shall be provided with any other markings or means of identification that may be agreed upon between the belligerents upon the outbreak or during the course of hostilities.
___Unless agreed otherwise, flights over enemy or enemy-occupied territory are prohibited.
___Medical aircraft shall obey every summons to land. In the event of a landing thus imposed, the aircraft with its occupants may continue its flight after examination, if any.
___In the event of an involuntary landing in enemy or enemy-occupied territory, the wounded and sick, as well as the crew of the aircraft shall be prisoners of war. The medical personnel shall be treated according to Article 24 and the Articles following.
(My note: There was an attempt (before and during the 1929 Convention) to expand and provide more detailed protections for medical aircraft and aircraft searching for wounded or downed aircraft crew in need of rescue, but no significant changes were made. Although I am sure that the information is out there somewhere, I could not find a record of the suggested changes or discussions.)
from Geneva Convention 1949
[Excerpt from Article 36]
Paragraph 1 - Definition and Protection
___Medical aircraft have the same role under the 1949 Convention as in the past: flying alone or in convoys, they may be used both for the evacuation of the wounded and sick, and for transporting medical personnel and material. Like any other means of transport, they may be the property of the army, or of voluntary aid societies, or have been requisitioned.
___As in 1929, it was not considered possible, for reasons of military security, to accord protection to aircraft searching for wounded.*
___The nature of the protection accorded remains the same: the aircraft, like medical transport on land, are placed on the same footing as mobile medical units.
(My note: There is still no protection included in the Geneva Convention for the search and rescue aircraft, only for the personnel on board after it is shot down. The protections afforded the occupants are as for other military or civilian aircrew, medical personnel, wounded, etc.)
*My bold.
Hey Joe, would it be possible to get the Seenotdienst comments moved to it's own thread?Folks - good information here but please avoid politics.