The problem with comparing the Spitfire and the 190 as fighters is the timeframe and evolutionary changes that each went through in the 1941 to 1945 period. The Spitfire Vb alone went through 1300 modifications in its service life, making absolute comparisons tough.
Right off the bat after its 1941 appearance you would have to say that the 190A was undoubtly the superior fighter. Look at the advantages of a Fw-190A2 (the first real production version, 400 built) compared to a classically equipped Spitfire Vb (+12lbs boost Merlin 45);
1) Significantly faster at all altitudes up to about 7500 meters (25, 000 feet). The A4 topped out at about 390 mph at 6000m, the Spitfire Vb at 375mph at 7000m. There was a general 20-30 mph advantage to the 190, more so at lower altitudes.
2) Higher rate of roll at all speeds and all altitudes.
3) Significantly better acceleration, particularly at low altitude.
4) Significantly better dive, both in absolute speed and dive handling. The 190 could simply run away from the Spitfire in a dive if the pilot found himself in trouble. At 500 mph true the control were described as "although slightly heavier, are still remarkably light"
5) Better sighting view. The 190 had about half a ring better deflection sighting than a Spitfire V.
6) Better search view. The 190A had what the ADFU described as "the best yet seen by this unit". There were very few canopy obstructions to the side or rear due to the bubble type canopy.
7) Superior climb. The Fw-190 climbs at a higher m/sec and higher speed than the Spitfire Vb until very high altitude (27,000 feet or higher)
8) Superior armament. The 190A2 has 2x MG FF, 2x Mg151.20 and 2x MG 17. Firing Mingenschloss shells (about 2 in 5 in most ammo load-outs) the MGFF and MG 151/20 come out only very slightly less destructive than the Hispano. The 190A2 had more cannon ammunition per gun than the Spitfire Vb (60rpg for the Hispano in a B type wing)
9) Trim setting. The 190 was set very well for trim and cruise settings, reducing the pilots workload considerably.
10) Kommergranate or automatic engine controls. This allowed novice pilots to get accustomed to the type very quickly.
So the 190 was faster in level ad dive speeds, a superior climber, had heavier armament and light control at high speeds than a Spitfire Vb. Sounds scary, and for a Spitfire pilot in early/mid 1942 it was. His only major advantage was a better sustained climb at altitude and a much tighter turning circle and better turn times. The 190 had a lot of problems with the BMW-801 as well. There was insufficient cockpit cooling, the engine ran quite roughly and was prone to catching fire in mid-air. FW-190s were banned from making long overwater flights for quite a while.
The British tests of the Farber 190A3 rated it as superior fighter to the Spitfire Vb in almost every respect, with the exception of horizontal turn.
Things, however, tend to have a habit of changing. By June 1942 the two stage Merlin 61 was put into the redesigned and reinforced Spitfire Vc airframe, resulting in the Spitfire IX. The 190 got better as well though, with the beginning of serial production of the 190A3 in mid 1942, getting an up-rated (1,700 hp) BMW-801-D2 which improved speeds at all levels by about 5-10 mph and was MUCH more reliable.
The Spitfiire IX did much to redress the balance in favour of the Spitfire. The primary boost was in level and dive speed. The Vc airframe was much tougher than the old Vb, it could dive to higher speeds and the Merlin 61 accelerated in a dive faster. Alieron and elevator mass balances were adjusted improving control harmonisation and rate of role (if only minorly). Cannon ammunition went from 60 prg to 120 rpg. The oil cooler was redesigned. All of a sudden the Spitfire was neck and neck with the 190 when it came to combat.
Going down my list of advantages for the 190A2 we now see a large swing.
1) The 190 only faster below 1000m/ 3,000 feet and between 5000- 6500m/ 18,000- 22,000 feet. At all other heights they are either even or the Spitfire has the advantage. Above 7000m/ 23,000 feet the Spitfire has a noticeable advantage, up to 20mph over 8000m.
2) The 190 ALWAYS rolled faster than the Spitfire, even the clipped wing birds. However, the Spitfire did continually and incrementally improve it roll rate during the war.
3) The 190 posses superior acceleration below 23,000 feet. Above this height the Spitfire has a very slim margin, which increases with altitude.
4) The 190 is still a better diver. The Spitfire IX is not out-dived as badly as the Vb though.
5) The Spitfire offered no improvement to the sighting view of the type.
6) The Spitfire IX improved the all around visibility of the Spitfire family (less cockpit framing) but couldn't compete with the 190s bubble canopy.
7) The Spitfire IX climbs better than the 190. The gap is marginal below 20,000 feet but increases rapidly after this point.
8)The Spitfire IX now had double the cannon ammunition but the Fw190A3 also increased its load-out, so I would still go with the FW here.
9) As above
10) The Spitfire IX did lessen the pilots workload but as I'm not a pilot I can't really comment as to how much.
So, in mid-1942 the absolute superiority of the 190A is replaced by a neck and neck horse race with the Spitfire IX. The 190A received a boost when Mw-50 is introduced in late 1942, with the 190A4 and slightly lengthened 190A5. Still, its now apparent the there are something that the Spitfire can do better (turn, climb, speed at medium and high alts) and there are things that the 190 does better (dive, roll, shoot [sight and guns] and high speed control).
All in all the end of 1942 the RAF didn't feel like it was prey for the 190. I would hardly say that a Merlin 61 engined +16lbs boosted Spitfire is better than a 190 but it is certainly a more even match.
Sorry for the essay though, it's my first post here. Just wanted to bring some facts to the discussion and leave a god first impression.