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The FAA units originally came from FAA squadrons left ashore when the carriers Illustrious & Formidable were damaged in early 1941.Also the many RAF bombers used in the anti-shipping role in the theatre, Beauforts, Beaufighters etc.
Would the Swordfish have been removed from torpedo role by the time of the first Battle of El Alamein, or did that just apply to carrier based aircraft?
No he didnt get the aircraft wrong. Hurricanes were used in mid-1942 against high flying Ju86P over the Nile Delta. Modified Hurricanes were getting up to 37,000 feet. More info here (post 5 onwards):-It is good but there are a few things don't make sense (at least to me) and a few spots where he got the aircraft wrong (Stripped Hurricane's shot down a Ju 86P? maybe earlier than the Spitfires did it?)
The Fairey Swordfish did not sink 50,000 tons of shipping in the Mediterranean in any month...
Many types may have been used but not so many torpedo bomber squadrons. Aircraft being sent out from the UK were making up for losses in the Med.Also the many RAF bombers used in the anti-shipping role in the theatre, Beauforts, Beaufighters etc.
Would the Swordfish have been removed from torpedo role by the time of the first Battle of El Alamein, or did that just apply to carrier based aircraft?
The Fairey Swordfish did not sink 50,000 tons of shipping in the Mediterranean in any month - 50,000 tons would probably be the average total amount of shipping sunk per by all means. RN and RAF aircraft were probably only responsible for a minority of Italian and German shipping losses during the war.
Biggest killer of Axis shipping in Europe in WW2 (in the Mediterranean at least) - RN submarine fleet.
There were more Albacores than Swordfish operating in Malta & Egypt in this period.
Good to know I am the problem again. It is really not that complicated from my end. You appear to only have access to the Shores Et. Al. book to figure out losses. Therefore that list must be used and considered correct. Even enhanced. The gap between what the book says and the air force records say was lost 8 February is ignored. Not used an example of verifying what the references are reporting.
So a simple explanation. As Shores points out a number of times tracking down total losses has problems at times. I add these problems are essentially the same for aircraft damaged badly enough to require removal from the unit, in both cases paperwork tends to be generated, aircraft movement cards updated. Adding aircraft that were repaired in unit throws open a major source of errors. You are now reliant on the individual unit records, what the person doing the reporting thought important, those people change and they can be told to change what to report. If you have seen examples of the reports you would know they cover a wide variety of styles and information. Then whether the Shores book reports all it finds.
All the above assumes the RAF, RA and Luftwaffe had compatible systems for reporting losses and damaged aircraft, as well as the usually very bad assumption the axis air force records for the time are as complete as the allied ones. And you want to include as losses an aircraft that was damaged but flew again in under 3 days, with the possibility it did not fly on day 2 because it was not needed that day. Include repaired in unit aircraft and the list is most probably worthless unless those losses are separated out. As another point, did either axis air force have rear area repair depots, the number of abandoned aircraft suggests not, so every axis repair was a by unit one? In the desert war the British Army tended to have lots of equipment captured by the axis, but the air force very little, the axis was the other way around.
On the basis of the above all loss lists are a waste of time. Instead I read it as Shores list, end of story, if the book says crash landed it equals loss.
The spreadsheet I posted has such data by month for the Allies. Thanks for the interest. The file I am working from also has non combat losses. Your criteria is mentioned in Shores, less those with a couple of key words, you have zero idea of what the Shores criteria are or how complete that data is. To use every entry in Shores means you are comfortable all aircraft damaged enough not to fly again for 2 to 3 days (and maybe available earlier than that) are recorded for all units on both sides.
You made a claim about fighter cover being annihilated often and failed to back it up. You are struggling with basic concepts, like having evidence to back the claims.
The Bf110 versus the Beaufighter was not that uneven.
Bragadin notes different figures, April to October 1942, 0.78%, 7.24%, 22.14%, 6.45%, 33.03%, 20%, 44.2%. Remembering of course ships were lost sailing both ways.
So how many vehicles and how many units qualify for most heavily hit?
Casualties, Killed, Wounded, Missing, Allied 1,750, German 1,859, Italian 1,051, 38 Panzers, 11 Italian tanks, 67 British tanks.
Rommel would not be the first general to decide most of his defeat was due to enemy airpower, not the opposing general, one who had laid down a plan that was followed and who stayed in control of the situation. For devastating and decisive the losses to airpower need to be split from those inflicted by the ground forces, plus dealing with the way DAK kept moving until it hit resistance on the ground, not in the air.
According to the information I have there were 27 Swordfish based on Malta and in a nine month period they accounted for 50,000 tons
per month average. August 1941 was the highest with 92,000 tons sunk.
How many tons sunk by submarines isn't relevant to this, especially since Italy lost over 2,500 vessels during the war.
Axis merchants lost on the North Africa Route – 1941-1943That would be quite interesting if it's true, do you have any numbers on that?
I am about 3/4 of the way through Ehler's book ('The Mediterranean Air War') (start of the Invasion of Sicily).
It is good but there are a few things don't make sense (at least to me) and a few spots where he got the aircraft wrong (Stripped Hurricane's shot down a Ju 86P? maybe earlier than the Spitfires did it?)
It does seem to cover the basic principles fairly well, I hesitate to call it tactics as he does not go into aircraft formations like "fingers four" or how/why actual interceptions were done. Things are much more on the operational level.
What is amazing is there seems to be a huge disconnect between planes "lost" and planes claimed shot down in combat. As in hundreds of planes disappearing from the ready lists in just a few weeks time in periods of heavy action. This does not seem to line up with Shores where the losses seem to be a few per day or handfuls.
Operational losses or mechanical failures?
There are times where the Luftwaffe was reporting around 50% of available aircraft were operational.
British had 3rd catagory. Available in the next 14 days.
Maybe I am just bad a math but reported combat losses (especially if you are verifying them) don't seem to match the number of available aircraft. The number of available aircraft seems to be very low, something was happening to the planes. and counting just combat losses doesn't seem to a good way of figuring out which side is "winning". Not very satisfying but what do we do? The Germans were doing good if they had 60% serviceability at times, the British were closer to 70% or a few times over that. That can make a big difference with each side having around 1000 planes. It also means that many of the unserviceable planes were not a result of combat damage or very slight combat damage.
There is a bit of accounting trickery when counting the losses I will get into another time (on the British side).
The RN submarines sank over 300,000 tons of shipping from 41 to 42.
I think the list on the 1941-43 link may be incomplete since the Axis merchant vessel sinking by British forces totalled 3082 ships at a totalWhat sources would they be? I am using the webpage provided by EwenS yesterday which certainly doesn't depict any "50,000 tons" per month as well as a pretty comprehensive wikipedia page I found later last night. I could count just under 21,000 tons sunk by Swordfish including a 13,000 ton hospital ship.
Axis merchants lost on the North Africa Route – 1941-1943
List of shipwrecks in August 1941 - Wikipedia
Here is a map showing aircraft ranges from Malta.I don't think either Albacores or Swordfish were sinking a lot of Axis shipping in the second half of 1942, but I'm prepared to be wrong. Of the two the Swordfish seems to have wrought the most havoc. But it had very short range.
The Beaufort was the main torpedo bomber in the Med in 1942. The squadrons with it suffered horrendous losses.Without crunching the numbers yet, Beauforts and (mostly at night) Wellingtons seem to have been putting some torpedoes into ships. Sunderlands and PBYs seem to be getting some Axis subs. Beaufighters were out there causing harm, I'm not sure when they started putting torpedos on them (or if this was even applicable during the North African campaign) but they seem to have killed a lot of smaller ships and boats just by strafing. There were also Baltimores operating from Malta, I think at least one squadron under Coastal Command.
I thought the discussion was about late 1942 and El Alamein? The first P-39s in the Med appeared in Algeria after Operation Torch.At some points the Americans were using B-25s and even Bostons to attack shipping with masthead height and / or skip-bombing (mostly against the merchant ships as this was dangerous if there was German light AA on the ship) and they were also successfully using the Kittyhawks and I gather, even P-39s to do some strafing / dive bombing attacks. In 1943 the A-36 Apache shows up which seems to have been surprisingly effective.
I'll try to compile some numbers on this later.
The 40-43 total merchant losses in Libya route were 584,257 metric ton, including back route an other 51,725 ton were loss in local Libyan routes, in the Tunisian route (11/42-5/43) were lost 271,387 tons, in the eastern routes (to Albania, Greece and Egeo) an other 146,140 tons
Here is a map showing aircraft ranges from Malta.
View attachment 702539
The Albacore had a greater range than the Swordfish.
As to whether the Swordfish or the Albacore played the greatest part in sinking ships in the Med, it should be noted that the first Albacores did not arrive on Malta until Oct 1941. And the Albacore squadrons in Egypt spent a lot of time supporting the heavy bombers or in night attacks on Rommel's supply lines and airfields. In 1942 however the Albacore was appearing in increasing numbers. It is an aircraft that gets little credit for its work. Everyone remembers the Swordfish. few remember the Albacore.
David Hobbs in his book "Taranto and Naval Air Warfare in the Mediterranean , 1940-1945" references Admiralty documents from Feb 1943 on the achievements of the two Malta based FAA squadrons (828 & 830) in the latter part of 1942. They were credited with sinking or severely damaging 185,000 tons of shipping, being at least 35 Axis suppy ships, plus a cruiser, and 6 destroyers or large escorts and that despite being short of most supplies.
He goes on to list 17 cases of their major achievements between 15 June and 31 Dec 1942. Only 5 of those referred to Swordfish being involved, and in all 5 cases it was in conjunction with Albacores. At least part of the co-operation was to do with the Swordfish receiving radar at a much earlier stage of the war. Albacores didn't begin to be equipped with radar for technical reasons until very late in 1941, and of course it then took some time to filter through to the overseas land based squadrons.
The Beaufort was the main torpedo bomber in the Med in 1942. The squadrons with it suffered horrendous losses.
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During this period the Beaufighters were limited to cannon & MG, as they were mostly Ic models. VIc models began to arrive on the squadrons in Oct / Nov 1942 but it was April / May 1943 before bombs began to be carried on those and about mid-1943 before the changeover was complete.
The first trial installation of a torpedo on a Beaufighter was not authorised until April 1942. The first torpedo aircraft produced went to 254 in the UK in June being Mk.VIc ITF. They flew their first torpedo sortie on 20 Nov 1942 as part of the newly formed North Coates strike wing. In fact I don't think any Med Beaufighter squadron flew torpedo equipped aircraft. By the time they would have become available in mid-1943 there were very few targets left that were worthy of a torpedo.
The only non-bomber Baltimore squadron in this period was 69 whose main job was recce. It was based on Malta from 1941 to 1944. But its equipment was basically anything it could get its hands on. In the second half of 1942 it used PR Spitfires, and Wellingtons as well as the Baltimores. Prior to that it had used other types as well.
Coastal Command was a UK based organisation. In the Med it was AHQ Malta or 201 (Naval Co-operation) Group under Middle East Command that controlled anti-shipping operations in the central / eastern Med.
I thought the discussion was about late 1942 and El Alamein? The first P-39s in the Med appeared in Algeria after Operation Torch.
Actually this are from 6/40 to 8/43 so 39 monthsSo 1,053,509 tons, during 24 months, so total losses of 43,896 per month.
Which makes it seem unlikely for 50,000 tons per month lost to a single aircraft type. If 300,000 tons were really lost to Submarines in 1941-42, that would be quite significant!