parsifal
Colonel
The Ca4 woomera
This one is admittedly a prototype, but it shows what might have been, had the Americans not made available B-25s, B-26s and Liberators in such numbers, and had the ddomestically produced Beaforts not been so successful
September 19 1941 saw the first flight of an Australian designed aircraft that contained some interesting and indeed innovative features. The aircraft, officially known as the Wackett bomber, was designated the CAC-CA-4.
It came about because of a perceived need to replace the Beaufort with an aircraft to meet the immediate needs of RAAF development specification no. 241. This called for an aircraft suitable for reconnaissance and general bombing, with a capability for torpedo delivery and dive bombing.
Wackett's design was for a low wing, twin engine, light bomber with a crew of three. It featured four forward firing machine guns operated by the pilot, two remote controlled twin machine gun barbettes mounted on the rear of the engine nacelles, engine nacelles that as well as housing the undercarriage, carried two 250 lb bombs. Under the fuselage were mounting points for two torpedoes, (either of which could be replaced by a 293 gallon drop tank) or two 500 lb bombs, with a provision for four 25 lb bombs under each wing.
The second pilot had his own instrument panel and a demountable control column, and was expected to operate the remote barbettes through the use of a sighting periscope. The third crew member was the bomb aimer/navigator. He was placed in the lower rear fuselage and had a window between his feet as well as triangular windows in the fuselage for navigation. He was also equipped with a free slung machine gun that could be fired from the ventral step.
The bomber was powered by by two P&W twin wasp R-1830-S3C3-G radials. Six fuel tanks were an integral part of the centre section wing construction, causing headaches for the designers as this had never before been done on an Australian designed machine. The wings were of stressed skin construction, with the control surfaces being fabric covered aft of the spar, and dynamically balanced. The cockpit and nose of the aircraft were metal skinned, and the fuselage was canvas covered ply.
The initial flight tests showed disappointing response to the controls with the elevator being almost ineffectual, and severe engine overheating. Despite this it was agreed that the aircraft's general handling was on par with contemporary machines. Testing and modifications continued and unexpectedly showed up another feature that Wackett claimed was deliberate, but had never mentioned before. During a flight to show the CA4 to the prime minister and other defence officials, the undercarriage failed and a wheels up landing was made. The machine stopped in 100 yards with no structural damage, and only minor damage to the engines. In fact it was removed from the strip by lifting it onto it's undamaged undercarriage and towing it away. Repairs only took two days, and inspection revealed that the failure had been caused by an act of sabotage.
April 20 1942 saw the RAAF accept the Wackett bomber for trials. The machine proved capable but had features that were unacceptable to the military, such as the remote aiming and firing system. However in competition with the Beaufort VIII it proved superior in speed, armament, ordinance carrying capacity and range, with similar handling. The Beaufighter came closer, but again lost to armament, load and range. The RAAF was sufficiently impressed with the CA4 to order 105 CA-11 Woomera bombers on March 8 1942.
Unfortunately the only CA-4 was destroyed when it exploded in flight due to a fault in a feathering switch and a leaking fuel tank on 15 January 1943.
The Woomera was essentially the same aircraft but it carried all the modifications that had been made to the CA-4, plus some redesign work. The canopy was extended to cover the whole crew area, the tail and rudder was completely redesigned, the deck of the fuselage cut down, and more dihedral put into the outer wing sections. The pilots armament was modified to include two cannon and two machine guns.
At this time the CAC factory was busily completing Wirraway orders, and the new Boomerang. It had also transpired that the role of twin engined aircraft had changed in the course of the development of the Woomera. The need for dive/torpedo bombers had been passed in favour of heavily armed medium bombers, which the RAAF had available in the form of the Mitchell and Boston. An updated and more powerful version known as CA-11a was mooted, but the idea was abandoned. Add this to the promise of Liberators and the project was doomed. The original order for 105 machines was reduced to 20. However, like the CA-15 the Woomera was to become a "project" rather than a contender.
This notwithstanding, the first flight of the CA-11 was considered a success. The difficulties in controlling the machine on the ground had gone, as had the lack of feel and control on the elevators and rudder. However the ailerons despite being identical to those on the CA-4 were delightful at flying speed, but decidedly unsatisfactory at low speed. This coupled with a worrying vibration caused the CAC test pilot G.A. Board some worry. Further test flights followed, with most of the problems being quickly rectified, only the vibration and rudder overbalance needing attention. During dive tests a severe vibration was experienced, followed by difficulty in raising the nose due to lack of stick movement. Board flew the aircraft slowly home and eventually had to fly it onto the strip, being unable to lower the tail. Post flight inspection showed that the vibration had caused the elevator trim tab to break and jam the control.
Sqn. Ldr. Cuming of 1 A.P.U was brought in to give a second opinion as he had flown the CA-4. Board flew chase in a Boomerang and noticed that the tailplane tips were vibrating through an arc of 6 inches, and that the whole of the fuselage rear of the navigators position was vibrating torsionally. This was obviously an aerodynamic problem, but it had not shown up in wind tunnel tests. It was finally traced to the disturbance of airflow caused by the turrets on the rear of the engine nacelles striking the underside of the tailplane, and rectified by giving the tailplane a dihedral of 12 degrees.
By this stage, the second Woomera was almost complete, only wanting engines, and a further six were partially constructed. Then, in the first week of September 1944, the program was cancelled. Test flights continued for another twelve months, with the test aircraft being converted to components in January 1946.
The general characteristics of the Ca-4 were:
General characteristics
Crew: 3 (pilot, bomb aimer/navigator, rear gunner)
Length: 39 ft 7 in (12.07 m)
Wingspan: 59 ft 2½ in (18.05 m)
Height: 18 ft 2 in (5.53 m)
Wing area: 440 ft² (40.9 m²)
Empty weight: 12,756 lb (5,798 kg)
Max takeoff weight: 22,885 lb (10,402 kg)
Powerplant: 2× Pratt Whitney R-1830-S3C3-G Twin Wasp 14-cylinder two-row radial engine, 1,200 hp (895 kW) each
Performance
Maximum speed: 282 mph (454 km/h, 245 knots)
Range: 2,225 mi (3,580 km, 1,934 km) (with external tank and one torpedo)
Service ceiling: 23,500 ft (7,165 m)
Rate of climb: 2,090 ft/min (10.6 m/s)
Armament
Guns:
2 × .303 machine guns in nose
2 × 20 mm Hispano cannons in nose
2 × .303 machine guns in rear firing barbettes
1 x .303 machine gun in ventral position
Bombs:
4× 250 lb (113 kg) bombs
2× 500 lb (224 kg) bombs
2× torpedoes and 4 × 25 lb (13 kg) bombs under wings
I have only one photo
This one is admittedly a prototype, but it shows what might have been, had the Americans not made available B-25s, B-26s and Liberators in such numbers, and had the ddomestically produced Beaforts not been so successful
September 19 1941 saw the first flight of an Australian designed aircraft that contained some interesting and indeed innovative features. The aircraft, officially known as the Wackett bomber, was designated the CAC-CA-4.
It came about because of a perceived need to replace the Beaufort with an aircraft to meet the immediate needs of RAAF development specification no. 241. This called for an aircraft suitable for reconnaissance and general bombing, with a capability for torpedo delivery and dive bombing.
Wackett's design was for a low wing, twin engine, light bomber with a crew of three. It featured four forward firing machine guns operated by the pilot, two remote controlled twin machine gun barbettes mounted on the rear of the engine nacelles, engine nacelles that as well as housing the undercarriage, carried two 250 lb bombs. Under the fuselage were mounting points for two torpedoes, (either of which could be replaced by a 293 gallon drop tank) or two 500 lb bombs, with a provision for four 25 lb bombs under each wing.
The second pilot had his own instrument panel and a demountable control column, and was expected to operate the remote barbettes through the use of a sighting periscope. The third crew member was the bomb aimer/navigator. He was placed in the lower rear fuselage and had a window between his feet as well as triangular windows in the fuselage for navigation. He was also equipped with a free slung machine gun that could be fired from the ventral step.
The bomber was powered by by two P&W twin wasp R-1830-S3C3-G radials. Six fuel tanks were an integral part of the centre section wing construction, causing headaches for the designers as this had never before been done on an Australian designed machine. The wings were of stressed skin construction, with the control surfaces being fabric covered aft of the spar, and dynamically balanced. The cockpit and nose of the aircraft were metal skinned, and the fuselage was canvas covered ply.
The initial flight tests showed disappointing response to the controls with the elevator being almost ineffectual, and severe engine overheating. Despite this it was agreed that the aircraft's general handling was on par with contemporary machines. Testing and modifications continued and unexpectedly showed up another feature that Wackett claimed was deliberate, but had never mentioned before. During a flight to show the CA4 to the prime minister and other defence officials, the undercarriage failed and a wheels up landing was made. The machine stopped in 100 yards with no structural damage, and only minor damage to the engines. In fact it was removed from the strip by lifting it onto it's undamaged undercarriage and towing it away. Repairs only took two days, and inspection revealed that the failure had been caused by an act of sabotage.
April 20 1942 saw the RAAF accept the Wackett bomber for trials. The machine proved capable but had features that were unacceptable to the military, such as the remote aiming and firing system. However in competition with the Beaufort VIII it proved superior in speed, armament, ordinance carrying capacity and range, with similar handling. The Beaufighter came closer, but again lost to armament, load and range. The RAAF was sufficiently impressed with the CA4 to order 105 CA-11 Woomera bombers on March 8 1942.
Unfortunately the only CA-4 was destroyed when it exploded in flight due to a fault in a feathering switch and a leaking fuel tank on 15 January 1943.
The Woomera was essentially the same aircraft but it carried all the modifications that had been made to the CA-4, plus some redesign work. The canopy was extended to cover the whole crew area, the tail and rudder was completely redesigned, the deck of the fuselage cut down, and more dihedral put into the outer wing sections. The pilots armament was modified to include two cannon and two machine guns.
At this time the CAC factory was busily completing Wirraway orders, and the new Boomerang. It had also transpired that the role of twin engined aircraft had changed in the course of the development of the Woomera. The need for dive/torpedo bombers had been passed in favour of heavily armed medium bombers, which the RAAF had available in the form of the Mitchell and Boston. An updated and more powerful version known as CA-11a was mooted, but the idea was abandoned. Add this to the promise of Liberators and the project was doomed. The original order for 105 machines was reduced to 20. However, like the CA-15 the Woomera was to become a "project" rather than a contender.
This notwithstanding, the first flight of the CA-11 was considered a success. The difficulties in controlling the machine on the ground had gone, as had the lack of feel and control on the elevators and rudder. However the ailerons despite being identical to those on the CA-4 were delightful at flying speed, but decidedly unsatisfactory at low speed. This coupled with a worrying vibration caused the CAC test pilot G.A. Board some worry. Further test flights followed, with most of the problems being quickly rectified, only the vibration and rudder overbalance needing attention. During dive tests a severe vibration was experienced, followed by difficulty in raising the nose due to lack of stick movement. Board flew the aircraft slowly home and eventually had to fly it onto the strip, being unable to lower the tail. Post flight inspection showed that the vibration had caused the elevator trim tab to break and jam the control.
Sqn. Ldr. Cuming of 1 A.P.U was brought in to give a second opinion as he had flown the CA-4. Board flew chase in a Boomerang and noticed that the tailplane tips were vibrating through an arc of 6 inches, and that the whole of the fuselage rear of the navigators position was vibrating torsionally. This was obviously an aerodynamic problem, but it had not shown up in wind tunnel tests. It was finally traced to the disturbance of airflow caused by the turrets on the rear of the engine nacelles striking the underside of the tailplane, and rectified by giving the tailplane a dihedral of 12 degrees.
By this stage, the second Woomera was almost complete, only wanting engines, and a further six were partially constructed. Then, in the first week of September 1944, the program was cancelled. Test flights continued for another twelve months, with the test aircraft being converted to components in January 1946.
The general characteristics of the Ca-4 were:
General characteristics
Crew: 3 (pilot, bomb aimer/navigator, rear gunner)
Length: 39 ft 7 in (12.07 m)
Wingspan: 59 ft 2½ in (18.05 m)
Height: 18 ft 2 in (5.53 m)
Wing area: 440 ft² (40.9 m²)
Empty weight: 12,756 lb (5,798 kg)
Max takeoff weight: 22,885 lb (10,402 kg)
Powerplant: 2× Pratt Whitney R-1830-S3C3-G Twin Wasp 14-cylinder two-row radial engine, 1,200 hp (895 kW) each
Performance
Maximum speed: 282 mph (454 km/h, 245 knots)
Range: 2,225 mi (3,580 km, 1,934 km) (with external tank and one torpedo)
Service ceiling: 23,500 ft (7,165 m)
Rate of climb: 2,090 ft/min (10.6 m/s)
Armament
Guns:
2 × .303 machine guns in nose
2 × 20 mm Hispano cannons in nose
2 × .303 machine guns in rear firing barbettes
1 x .303 machine gun in ventral position
Bombs:
4× 250 lb (113 kg) bombs
2× 500 lb (224 kg) bombs
2× torpedoes and 4 × 25 lb (13 kg) bombs under wings
I have only one photo
